Conveyor belt VFD PLC speed control is the backbone of modern material handling in Indian manufacturing — from automobile assembly lines in Pune to textile mills in Coimbatore. A Variable Frequency Drive (VFD) adjusts the AC motor’s speed by varying the frequency of the supply voltage, while a PLC provides intelligent process control: ramp-up, ramp-down, speed setpoint control, and fault management. This guide covers the complete system — from VFD parameter configuration to PLC programming and safety interlocks.
Table of Contents
- How VFDs Control Conveyor Motor Speed
- Wiring VFD to PLC: Analog and Digital Signals
- Essential VFD Parameters for Conveyor Applications
- PLC Programming for Speed Control
- Safety Interlocks and Emergency Stop
- Common Faults and Troubleshooting
- Frequently Asked Questions
How VFDs Control Conveyor Motor Speed
An AC induction motor’s synchronous speed is: N = 120 × f / P where f is supply frequency (Hz) and P is the number of poles. At 50Hz (Indian standard), a 4-pole motor runs at 1500 RPM synchronous speed (typically 1440 RPM at full load with slip). By varying the supply frequency between 0 and 50Hz (or beyond — up to 400Hz for some drives), the VFD controls motor speed proportionally.
To maintain constant torque across the speed range, VFDs also vary the voltage proportionally — this is called V/f (Volts/Hertz) control, the simplest and most common mode for conveyor applications. Advanced drives also offer Vector Control (flux vector or FOC) for better torque control at low speeds, useful for heavily loaded conveyors that need full torque at low speed.
VFDs are available in India from ₹3,000 (0.75kW) to ₹1,00,000+ (75kW). Popular brands include ABB ACS355, Siemens Micromaster 440, Schneider Altivar, and Delta VFD-E/M series. For conveyor applications, look for models with built-in PID, brake chopper output, and multiple preset speeds.
Wiring VFD to PLC: Analog and Digital Signals
Digital Signals
VFDs have multiple digital inputs (DI1–DI8 typically) configurable for:
- DI1: Run/Stop — PLC digital output (DO) toggles this to start/stop the motor.
- DI2: Forward/Reverse — Selects motor rotation direction.
- DI3: Fault Reset — PLC sends a pulse to reset VFD faults after the cause is cleared.
- DI4–DI6: Preset speeds — Binary combination selects up to 7 preset speeds stored in VFD parameters.
VFD digital inputs are typically 24V NPN or PNP sinking/sourcing. Match the PLC output type to the VFD input type, or use a terminal relay as a buffer.
Analog Signals
For variable speed control, the PLC sends a 0–10V or 4–20mA analog output to the VFD’s analog input (AI1). The VFD interprets this as a speed reference from 0% to 100% of maximum frequency (0–50Hz typically). The 4–20mA option is preferred in industrial environments because it is noise-immune over long cable runs.
// VFD Wiring Summary (generic, check your VFD manual)
// PLC DO1 (24V) → VFD DI1 (Run)
// PLC DO2 (24V) → VFD DI2 (Forward)
// PLC DO3 (24V) → VFD DI3 (Fault Reset)
// PLC AO1 (4-20mA) → VFD AI1 (Speed Reference)
// VFD DO1 (Fault) → PLC DI1 (Fault Feedback)
// VFD DO2 (Running) → PLC DI2 (Running Feedback)
// VFD AO1 (0-10V output speed) → PLC AI1 (Actual speed monitor)
Grounding
VFD switching causes high-frequency EMI. Always connect the VFD PE (protective earth) and motor frame to a dedicated earth bus. Keep VFD power cables (L1/L2/L3, U/V/W) physically separate from PLC signal cables — minimum 30cm separation. Use shielded cable for analog and encoder signals.
Essential VFD Parameters for Conveyor Applications
Key parameters to set (names vary by manufacturer — check your manual):
- Acceleration time (ACC): Time to ramp from 0 to maximum speed. For conveyors, 5–20 seconds prevents load shifting and belt stretch. Too fast causes mechanical shock and overcurrent trips.
- Deceleration time (DEC): Time to ramp from maximum speed to 0. Set similar to ACC for smooth stops. If equipped with a braking resistor, can be reduced for faster stops.
- Maximum frequency (Fmax): Normally 50Hz for 50Hz Indian motors. Can be set lower to limit maximum belt speed.
- Minimum frequency (Fmin): Set 5–10Hz as a lower limit. Running an induction motor below 3Hz causes overheating due to insufficient cooling fan airflow at low speed.
- Motor parameters: Enter motor nameplate data: rated voltage (415V 3-phase), rated current, rated frequency (50Hz), rated speed (1440 RPM), power factor. Enable auto-tune if available.
- Overload protection (OL): Set electronic thermal protection current to motor nameplate current ×1.0 for continuous duty conveyors.
- V/f curve: For standard conveyor loads, linear V/f is fine. For high-torque at low-speed (heavily loaded inclined conveyors), use boosted V/f or switch to vector control mode.
PLC Programming for Speed Control
Below is a Structured Text (IEC 61131-3 ST) example for a simple conveyor speed control function block:
(* Conveyor Speed Controller - Structured Text *)
(* Inputs: RunCmd, FaultReset, SpeedSetpoint (0-100%) *)
(* Outputs: VFD_Run, VFD_Direction, VFD_AnalogRef, ConveyorRunning *)
FUNCTION_BLOCK FB_ConveyorControl
VAR_INPUT
RunCmd : BOOL; (* Operator start command *)
FaultReset : BOOL; (* Operator fault reset *)
SpeedSetpoint : REAL; (* 0.0 to 100.0 % *)
VFD_FaultIn : BOOL; (* VFD fault feedback *)
VFD_RunningIn : BOOL; (* VFD running feedback *)
END_VAR
VAR_OUTPUT
VFD_Run : BOOL; (* Start command to VFD DI1 *)
VFD_Direction : BOOL; (* Forward = TRUE *)
VFD_AnalogRef : REAL; (* 4.0 to 20.0 mA equivalent *)
ConveyorRunning : BOOL;
AlarmFault : BOOL;
END_VAR
VAR
FaultLatch : BOOL;
SpeedRef : REAL;
END_VAR
(* Latch fault until reset *)
IF VFD_FaultIn THEN
FaultLatch := TRUE;
VFD_Run := FALSE;
END_IF;
IF FaultReset AND NOT VFD_FaultIn THEN
FaultLatch := FALSE;
END_IF;
(* Run logic *)
IF RunCmd AND NOT FaultLatch THEN
VFD_Run := TRUE;
VFD_Direction := TRUE; (* Forward always for this conveyor *)
SpeedRef := LIMIT(20.0, SpeedSetpoint * 0.16 + 4.0, 20.0);
(* Scale 0-100% → 4-20mA: Ref = Setpoint × (20-4)/100 + 4 *)
VFD_AnalogRef := SpeedRef;
ELSE
VFD_Run := FALSE;
VFD_AnalogRef := 4.0; (* 4mA = 0 Hz = motor stopped *)
END_IF;
ConveyorRunning := VFD_RunningIn;
AlarmFault := FaultLatch;
END_FUNCTION_BLOCK
Safety Interlocks and Emergency Stop
Conveyor safety is regulated by IS 11592 (belt conveyor design) and factory-specific risk assessments. Essential interlocks:
- Emergency stop (E-stop): Hard-wired pull cord switches every 25 metres along the conveyor directly cut power to the VFD RUN input — do NOT route through PLC program for E-stop (PLC could fail). IEC 62061 requires E-stop to be safety-rated (PLc or higher).
- Belt misalignment switch: Detects belt tracking off the conveyor frame. Normally-closed contact wired in series with the Run circuit.
- Speed monitor (zero-speed switch): Detects belt jam — if VFD is commanded to run but belt speed is zero, the switch trips and stops the drive.
- Overtemperature: Motor thermal switch (PTC thermistor or bimetal) connected to VFD’s thermistor input for automatic protection.
- Tail pulley guard: Mechanical guard with position switch — motor cannot start if guard is open.
Common Faults and Troubleshooting
- VFD overcurrent (OC) fault on start: Acceleration time too short. Increase ACC time. Also check motor cable insulation and winding resistance for short circuits.
- VFD overvoltage (OV) fault on stop: Deceleration too fast — motor acts as a generator and overcharges the DC bus. Increase DEC time or add a braking resistor.
- Motor overheating at low speed: Shaft-mounted cooling fan is insufficient at low frequencies. Add a separate forced-cooling (blower) fan for continuous low-speed operation below 20Hz.
- Belt speed unstable: VFD in open-loop mode with varying belt load. Switch to closed-loop vector control or add encoder feedback. Also check for loose mechanical couplings or slipping belt.
- PLC not receiving running feedback: Check VFD DO (digital output) wiring. Verify VFD parameter for DO1 function is set to "Running" and not "Fault" or another function.
Frequently Asked Questions
Can I use a VFD with a star-delta starter already installed?
No. Remove the star-delta starter and connect the VFD directly between the incoming power supply and the motor. VFDs perform their own soft-start electronically and do not require external starters. Running a VFD through a star-delta starter will damage both.
What power factor correction is needed with VFDs?
VFDs inherently improve the input power factor compared to running motors direct-on-line. However, VFDs generate significant harmonic currents (5th, 7th, 11th harmonics). For multiple large VFDs, add a line reactor (3–5% impedance) between the supply and VFD to limit harmonic distortion. Active front-end (AFE) VFDs practically eliminate harmonics but cost 30–50% more.
How do I control conveyor speed from an HMI?
The HMI writes the speed setpoint (0–100%) to a PLC data register. The PLC reads this value and generates the corresponding 4–20mA analog output to the VFD. Alternatively, modern VFDs with Modbus TCP can accept speed references directly from the HMI or SCADA without a PLC — but the PLC-based approach is preferred for safety interlock integration.
What is the energy saving with VFD versus direct-on-line for conveyors?
For constant-load conveyors, VFDs save energy primarily during ramp-up (soft-start reduces peak demand charges). For variable-load conveyors, running at 70% speed instead of 100% reduces energy consumption by approximately 66% (power ∝ speed³ for centrifugal loads, though conveyors are constant-torque loads). Expect 10–30% energy savings depending on load profile.
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